Army Nurse Corps Essay Example for Free

Army Nurse Corps Essay All women in the Army served then in either the Army Nurse Corps or the Women’s Army Corps (WAC). All Army nurses were officers, and were Direct Commissions. That is, they became nurses first and then attended a ten day or so Orientation Course at (Ft. Sam Houston, Texas) to teach them how to be officers, the rudiments of military life, who to salute and when, etc. (There were a small number of male nurses who went through the same program. ) Nurses were assigned to Army hospitals, both Stateside and overseas, and were billeted separately from male officers. In Vietnam, Army nurses served exclusively in rear-area hospitals at major bases. The Women’s Army Corps (WAC) provided all Army female enlisted personnel and also had its own officers. Most WAC officers exclusively administered WAC units, but a handful received assignments to staff positions and other rear-echelon duties. In Vietnam, enlisted WACs performed mostly clerical duties, although some worked as medical technicians. Whatever their duty assignments, all enlisted women, on any base, even in the States, were billeted together as a single WAC Company in a guarded compound. (WAC officers had separate quarters, of course. ) Within this compound, in their barracks, WACs pulled their own guard, armed with baseball bats and whistles. (Neither WACs or nurses were issued weapons, and even those sent to Vietnam had only rudimentary firearms training. ) One tiny WAC unit (peak strength, 20 officers and 139 enlisted women) was assigned to Saigon, and nowhere else in-country. No WACs, even medical personnel, got any closer to combat than this. Eight US servicewomen died in Vietnam. Of these, four Army nurses and an Air Force flight nurse were killed in three separate, non-combat, plane crashes, and another died from disease. An older nurse died of a stroke. Only one woman, Army 1LT Sharon Ann Lane, was actually killed in a combat action, in a VC rocket attack on Chu Lai, in 1969. Besides nurses and WACs other American women would also go to Vietnam. TOD and China Beach covered most of the categories. American Red Cross girls, entertainers, civilian employees of the US government or contracting firms, newspaper correspondents, Christian missionaries, that about covers it. ARC girls made brief daylight visits (a few hours) to advance bases. The rest had rear-area jobs. (Christian missionaries were usually older, married women. ) American civilian women lived in major Vietnamese cities, which were off-limits to US troops, the exception being Saigon. Any women billeted on US bases also lived in guarded compounds. † Susan O’Neill served as an Army nurse in Vietnam from 1969 to 1970. â€Å"Don’t Mean Nothing† is her first book, written nearly thirty years after the experiences it depicts. O’Neill tells us that, (O’Neill, p. 15) â€Å"Before I went, I just assumed that war would involve injury and death; thats why I was being sent there, after all. But its one thing to look at it from a distance, and form neat mental pictures. Once you step through the looking glass, as it were, into the reality of itonce your sneakers are full of somebody elses bloodyou look at the whole thing quite differently. The bloods no longer a metaphor; it goes through to your socks and into the skin of your feet. Into your soul. † O’Neill gives us a clearer definition of what Vietnam was truly like. She offers that it wasn’t a place where you played around because people’s lives were at stake. The author goes on to tell us that, â€Å"Back in the states, when I so glibly thought I knew what Vietnam and war, in general, was about, I had opposed it on some cool-headed philosophical basis, from some distant notion of empathy. Gradually, in Vietnam, I became horrified at how callow my ideas had been.

Technological Advancements :: essays papers

Technological Advancements On November 7, 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was hit by winds of up to 40mph. The bridge began to twist and flutter. Some cables snapped and a six-hundred foot section of the bridge fell into Puget Sound. ^Wind is but one disaster, earthquakes are another^ (Jay Stuller 36). Disasters like this one and others could have been avoided if the proper precautions had been taken. Due to the disasters in the world the structures of today and tomorrow are much safer. Today most of these catastrophes are avoided because of the up to date technology, like architecture, predicting the disasters before hand and new techniques used by emergency rescue teams. Some major advances in today^s buildings include such things like the material used. For instance products like steel-reinforced concrete (refer to diagram 3-1), steel framing, and properly braced wood frames for houses are a few examples of how buildings are being retrofitted and new buildings are being built towards protection from disasters. As well, the foundations of the buildings can be built on shock absorbing ^base isolators^ containing springs or alternating layers of steel plates and rubber, to counteract the effects of earthquakes. In Japan architectures have been keeping mind earthquakes while designing and building structures. Unfortunately the buildings were mainly designed to withstand a vertical force. The Japanese buildings were designed to withstand a certain acceleration force, but in January 1995, an earthquake hit the city Kobe devastating the buildings, which were thought to be safe. It just shows, ^that building design criteria are crucial to withstanding effects of earthquakes^ (Gerad Baker 12). The normal Japanese wooden houses that had heavy roofs collapsed, and also newer homes were demolished, as seen on diagram 3-2. This could have been avoided by building the houses with lighter plywood frames with crossbars that distribute force evenly rather than houses with heavy timber walls that collapse under force. As well the materials used to build the structures has a great deal to do with the survival rate of buildings. The use of reinforced concrete is thought to be a major reason why buildings stay intact. It is possible to reinforce older buildings with extra concrete simply and effectively, which has been done in California since 1989. Bridges, a totally different aspect of building, but a very similar method for creating sound structures. During the Kobe earthquake the Hanshin expressway collapsed on its side for a stretch of 600m (pictures seen on page 5). This type of roadway is built upon reinforced concrete pillars. There is steel inside the pillars to increase its ability to bend and flex with the

Economic globalization and environment change Essay

Ever since the evolution of globalization, which began in 1990s, Asia and Europe have been benefiting with industrial success and economic development. As a matter of fact globalization is lead by United States under the leadership of WTO and United Nations. Globalization has developed a business network connectivity through Internet technology bringing global businesses to a single platform enabling exchange of goods, services and technologies. Globalization operates on predetermined success followed by global norms of business principles, bringing a change in global civil society at a macro level. Some of the benefits of globalization are, increased employment opportunities in computer technology, opportunities to commence new businesses, scope for finding new customers through Internet. Globalization is not similar to internationalization, which reinstate a fact that in order to encourage globalization, political and economic processes of nations also have to be globalized to be in tune with globalization. Globalization can be successful, only when a nation’s economic policies are globalized. This once again reinstates a fact that there is a clear and close interconnectivity between globalization and economic development of nations. Economic globalization expands businesses, industrial sector, technology sector, science and research. Economic development strengthens the financial capacity of nations whether it is through export of goods or by a rise in stock market. Certainly, there is a huge impact on global civil society who directly or indirectly, participate and reciprocate by contributing a portion of service to the nation. International global political economy (IPE or GPE) is it in any way related to globalization? In this regard, â€Å"It is generally agreed that the 1970s have seen fundamental changes in the way in which the international political economy is organized, leading to a more global approach both in IPE/GPE and environment†. (Strange 1996; Scholte, 1993; Mittleman, 1997, Lipschutz, 1996). Further, it is important to understand what the ‘global’ definition states. â€Å"the encompassing of the whole globe rather than just regions. Therefore, it would not be technically, geographically, or indeed spatially correct to use the term globalization for economic, social, or political phenomena that affect only part of the (inhabited) world, as many authors do indeed propose†. (Gabriela Kutting, 2004). The environmentalism celebrated its anniversary in the year 2002 conducted by United Nations Conference on Economic Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro. This was followed by 1971 Earth Day which framed the importance of global civil society. And it was 40 years since Silent Spring (Carson 1962) began the consciousness-raising work that many now credit with the birth of environmentalism as a social movement in America. †( Sheila Jasanoff, Marybeth Long Martello. 2004) â€Å"The concept â€Å"global† in contemporary environmentalism remains in this respect as essentially contested as are â€Å"liberty† and â€Å"accountability† in democratic politics†. â€Å"For now the struggle to define â€Å"global† may be one of the best avenues we have for engaging in a meaningful politics of globalism. (Sheila Jasanoff, Marybeth Long Martello, 2004) Protecting environment is an important aspect in global perspective. Conservation of forests, protection of wildlife, natural resources, controlling population, construction of dams, transport and infrastructure of states, are some of the basic criteria of a well developed nation, for which governments allocate a portion of budget every year. Global warming is also due to the cause of excessive industrialization and industrial pollution. Glaciers are also one of the causes, to the rise of water level in seas and oceans, causing floods, cyclones or other natural disasters to environment. United Nations has particularly been following up with island states in order to minimize the impact of the UN Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. In simple form to explain, economic globalization leads to emission of more hazardous industrial gas, green house gases and automobile pollution. As a result of this, the health of environment is damaged bringing new sicknesses and epidemics such as SARS to people. There is a particular concern in 21st century about protecting environment above the parameters of economic development through globalization. From the times of 1940, when the actual industrialization began in United States till the present date, when globalization and industrialization has reached its peak and is still growing at a robust rate, a significant concern has emerged about global warming and about emission of green house gases, the causes of which have to be dealt with on an emergent need, which if ignored, may further deteriorate environment in a vast measure. This discussion of economic globalization and environment change are affecting each other, and it is important to give due consideration to each issue as a separate identity i. e. economic globalization advantages, disadvantages and its impact. Similarly the changes in environment, its negative impacts and effects and how these can be prevented. Especially environmental system brings huge unforeseen losses, such as loss of human lives in Tsunami (2004), Katrina ((2005), epidemics and loss of industrial houses and businesses, and in view of these, funds for disaster management have to be adequately provided. A periodical report of economic globalization and its impact on global civil society and above all, environment change must be followed by United Nations, WTO and World Bank in order to monitor, organize globalization and environment. The present world population is crossing the limit of six billion, which reveals a fact that, it is important to protect environment for the safe and secured health of its people. Further economic development has further disadvantage with devaluation of currency and inflation. Globally accepted currency for exchange of goods and services is admittedly U.  S. Dollar. A nation’s financial strength is determined by its regional currency exchange with U. S dollar. When U. S. dollar is devalued, it has a greater impact on all those nations, which are in trade with United States. â€Å"At the beginning of 1970s, Americans faced two economic problems: declining competitiveness and rising inflation. In 1971, for the first time in the twentieth century, the United States posted a trade deficit, meaning that Americans purchased more goods from other countries than they sold to people living in those countries†. Robert K. Schaeffer, 2005) Further U. S spends huge amounts on wars such as Iraq (2003) and disaster management for Katrina (2005) which further adds to the deficit of U. S. budget. These unforeseen events, lead to an excessive monetary pressure on governments resulting in deficit budget and in slowing down the growth in economy, resulting in inflation. This further puts work pressure on workers of industries to produce more output as compared to the regular working hours. Whenever there is a crisis in government, the negative impact of crisis affects its population both financially and at emotional level. â€Å"On August 15, 1971, President Richard Nixon confronted both problems simultaneously. To improve U. S. competitiveness, he took steps to devalue the dollar in relation to currencies in Western Europe and Japan. And to fight inflation, he introduced price and wage controls, which were designed to limit wage raises and price increases. The Nixon shocks, as these were called in Japan, marked the beginning of U. S. efforts to solve two serious economic problems†. (Robert K. Schaeffer, 2005) There is financial crisis existing in all parts of the world. The World Bank and other respective regional Central Banks have been funding nations, to use funds in order to sustain financial crisis. Conclusion Protection of environment vis-a-vis economic development along with globalization are equally important for global economy whereas appropriate measures have to be considered.

The Criminal Equity Framework - 1547 Words

guardians or siblings or sisters again. Some were enlisted out as shabby work for station proprietors as housemaids or stockboys. Aborigines Furthermore Policing need get a synonymous term. For many, indigenous people, Police circumspection is the grade element What s more reason for secondary rates from claiming fear for the Aboriginal people. Those possibility to get to which native individuals need aid showed perusing the amount about indigenous people and Torres Strait Islander man in custody. Will be A significant show fate of the unseemliness of the Criminal equity framework to Australia, especially the place police forces camwood often be those. Determinant from claiming an indigenous representative done police authority. Cunneen Also Liberman s examination. Seemingly perspective crazy that â€Å"the most elevated again –representation from claiming native skin for police. Authority is in the zone from declaring open request offenses the place police tact is the best. Determinant of who will make detained alternately captured Furthermore what they are accused of† (De Plevitz, 1995). Indigenous Australians representation all through the criminal equity procedures is the most critical systematic zone of examination which social researcher keep on probing, investigations and record information. Truth be told the explanation behind the inexhaustive information gathering is kept up upon the five discoveries of Cunneen and Libesman (1995). Their examination contendsShow MoreRelatedLaw Enforcement And The Criminal Equity Framework919 Words   |  4 Pages The criminal justice system in America is divided by each one state, with each one state being partitioned into four pillars in the criminal justice system. Each state handles grown-up and adolescent cases. The four imperative segments are: Law enforcement,corrections, social services and the courts. Law enforcement is the first segment. Law Requirement is the first line of activity and is the most risky part of the equity framework. Law implementation is paramount to the criminal equity frameworkRead MoreThe Development Of The American Equity Framework Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe development of the American equity framework is a captivating subject that can prompt to years of recorded study and investigation. A decent criminal equity graduate program will give you enough information to abandon you wanting more as I gained from my time in school. The principal pilgrims to America brought the criminal equity arrangement of English custom-based law to our shores. The framework depended on the start of Mens Reas (liable personality) and the impact of the Catholic ChurchRead MoreThe National Counseling Commission Of The Day And Age Amid The 1960s1586 Words   |  7 PagesGuenthers early investigation in 1976 said it was out of line, unforgiving, and one-sided and that we rather have a Criminal Processing System. I for one concur with Guenther. As per Guenthers articulation, I will address the observations and generalizations, the politicization of wrongdoing, and the relationship between social, monetary, and political separation. Investigating the foundation of the day and age amid the 1960s, Wilson depicts the underclass as for the most part dark, unmarried ladiesRead MoreCja Prison Term Paper749 Words   |  3 Pageslevel of power or apprehension does not need to be extensive to advocate the statutory necessities. Criminal a cts are carried out every day around the country. Law implementation orgs, criminal equity framework, and people in general are ones that has and will consistently manage wrongdoing in America. The point of sentencing is to serve as a hindrance to the criminal from carrying out a criminal demonstration. 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